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Covers system administration tasks like maintaining, monitoring and customizing an initially installed system. A copy of the license version 1. All other third-party trademarks are the property of their respective owners. All information found in this book has been compiled with utmost attention to detail. However, this does not guarantee complete accuracy. Neither SUSE LLC, its affiliates, the authors nor the translators shall be held liable for possible errors or the consequences thereof. As such, it is solely concerned with ensuring that SUSE Linux Enterprise is properly configured and that the required services on the network are available to allow it to function properly as initially installed. This guide does not cover the process of ensuring that SUSE Linux Enterprise offers proper compatibility with your enterprise's application software or that its core functionality meets those requirements. It assumes that a full requirements audit has been done and the installation has been requested, or that a test installation for such an audit has been requested. This part introduces a few of them. A breakdown of available device technologies, high availability configurations, and advanced administration possibilities introduces the system to the administrator. Learn more about the underlying operating system by studying this part. The boot loader and boot procedure information assists you in understanding how your Linux system works and how your own custom scripts and applications may blend in with it. It also integrates well into heterogeneous environments, including MS Windows clients and servers. Take care for power conservation and for the integration of different devices into a changing network environment. Also get in touch with the background technologies that provide the needed functionality. Provides an overview of finding help and additional documentation when you need more information or want to perform specific tasks. There is also a list of the most frequent problems with explanations of how to fix them. The latest documentation updates are usually available in the English version of the documentation. Many commands are described in detail in their manual pages. You can view manual pages by running the man command followed by a specific command name. If the man command is not installed on your system, install it by running zypper install man. This guide details how to install single or multiple systems, and how to exploit the product-inherent capabilities for a deployment infrastructure. Choose from various approaches: local installation from physical installation media, customizing the standard installation images, network installation server, mass deployment using a remote-controlled, highly-customized, automated installation process, and initial system configuration. Describes virtualization technology in general, and introduces libvirt—the unified interface to virtualization—and detailed information on specific hypervisors. The manual guides you through the basic steps of auto-installation: preparation, installation, and configuration. Introduces basic concepts of system security, covering both local and network security aspects. Shows how to use the product inherent security software like AppArmor , SELinux, or the auditing system that reliably collects information about any security-relevant events. Supports the administrator with security-related choices and decisions in installing and setting up a secure SUSE Linux Enterprise Server and additional processes to further secure and harden that installation. An administrator's guide for problem detection, resolution and optimization. Find how to inspect and optimize your system by means of monitoring tools and how to efficiently manage resources. Also contains an overview of common problems and solutions and of additional help and documentation resources. Learn how to install and configure a local SMT server, mirror and manage repositories, manage client machines, and configure clients to use SMT. It guides you through using and configuring the desktop and helps you perform key tasks. It is intended mainly for end users who want to make efficient use of GNOME as their default desktop. Your feedback and contributions to this documentation are welcome! Several channels are available:. These preselect the right product and category in Bugzilla and add a link to the current section. You can start typing your bug report right away. A Bugzilla account is required. To contribute to this documentation, use the Edit Source links next to headlines in the HTML version of this document. They take you to the source code on GitHub, where you can open a pull request. A GitHub account is required. Make sure to include the document title, the product version and the publication date of the documentation. Refer to the relevant section number and title or include the URL and provide a concise description of the problem. Alt , Alt — F1 : a key to press or a key combination; keys are shown in uppercase as on a keyboard. The arrows mark the beginning and the end of the text block. Commands that must be run with root privileges. Often you can also prefix these commands with the sudo command to run them as non-privileged user. Vital information you must be aware of before proceeding. Warns you about security issues, potential loss of data, damage to hardware, or physical hazards. SUSE products are supported for up to 13 years. SUSE Linux Enterprise Server has a year life cycle: 10 years of general support and three years of extended support. SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop has a year life cycle: seven years of general support and three years of extended support. Major releases are published every four years. Service packs are published every months. Modules have a different life cycle, update policy, and update timeline than their base products. To receive support, you need an appropriate subscription with SUSE. Problem determination, which means technical support designed to provide compatibility information, usage support, ongoing maintenance, information gathering and basic troubleshooting using available documentation. Problem isolation, which means technical support designed to analyze data, reproduce customer problems, isolate problem area and provide a resolution for problems not resolved by Level 1 or prepare for Level 3. Problem resolution, which means technical support designed to resolve problems by engaging engineering to resolve product defects which have been identified by Level 2 Support. SUSE will only support the usage of original packages. That is, packages that are unchanged and not recompiled. Technology previews are packages, stacks, or features delivered by SUSE to provide glimpses into upcoming innovations. The previews are included for your convenience to give you the chance to test new technologies within your environment. We would appreciate your feedback! If you test a technology preview, please contact your SUSE representative and let them know about your experience and use cases. Your input is helpful for future development. Technology previews are still in development. Therefore, they may be functionally incomplete, unstable, or in other ways not suitable for production use. Details and functionality of technology previews are subject to change. As a result, upgrading to subsequent releases of a technology preview may be impossible and require a fresh installation. Technology previews can be dropped at any time. For example, if SUSE discovers that a preview does not meet the customer or market needs, or does not prove to comply with enterprise standards. SUSE does not commit to providing a supported version of such technologies in the future. Although GUIs offer many features, they're limited when performing automated task execution. Shells complement GUIs well, and this chapter gives an overview of some aspects of shells, in this case the Bash shell. Running certain commands requires root privileges. However, for security reasons and to avoid mistakes, it is not recommended to log in as root. A safer approach is to log in as a regular user, and then use sudo to run commands with elevated privileges. Whether you need to update packages, configure a printer, modify firewall settings, set up an FTP server, or partition a hard disk—you can do it using YaST. The ncurses-based pseudo-graphical YaST interface is designed primarily to help system administrators to manage systems without an X server. The interface offers several advantages compared to the conventional GUI. You can navigate the ncurses interface using the keyboard, and there are keyboard sho…. SUSE offers a continuous stream of software security updates for your product. By default, the update applet is used to keep your system up-to-date. This chapter describes Zypper and RPM, two command line tools for managing software. Snapper allows creating and managing file system snapshots. File system snapshots allow keeping a copy of the state of a file system at a certain point of time. The standard setup of Snapper is designed to allow rolling back system changes. However, you can also use it to create on-disk backups of user data. Transactional updates are atomic all updates are applied only if all updates succeed and support rollbacks. It does not affect a running system as no changes are activated until after the system is rebooted. As reboots are disruptive, the admin must decide if a reboot is more expensive than disturbing running services. If reboots are too expensive then do not use transactional updates. Transactional updates are run daily by the transactional-update script. The script checks for available updates. If there are any updates, it creates a new snapshot of the root file system in the background, and then fetches updates from the release channels. After the new snapshot is completely updated, it is marked as active and will be the new default root file system after the next reboot of the system. When transactional-update is set to run automatically which is the default behavior it also reboots the system. Both the time that the update runs and the reboot maintenance window are configurable. Only packages that are part of the snapshot of the root file system can be updated. If packages contain files that are not part of the snapshot, the update could fail or break the system. Virtual Network Computing VNC enables you to access a remote computer via a graphical desktop, and run remote graphical applications. VNC is platform-independent and accesses the remote machine from any operating system. A VNC server can offer both kinds of sessions simultaneously on different ports, but an open session cannot be converted from one type to the other. Today, a typical user has several computers: home and workplace machines, a laptop, a smartphone or a tablet. This makes the task of keeping files and documents in synchronization across multiple devices all the more important. Traditionally, the Linux shell is Bash Bourne again Shell. There are more shells available ash, csh, ksh, zsh, … , each employing different features and characteristics. If you need further information about other shells, search for shell in YaST. Interactive login shell. This is used when logging in to a machine, invoking Bash with the --login option or when logging in to a remote machine with SSH. This is normally the case when starting xterm, konsole, gnome-terminal, or similar command-line interface CLI tools. Non-interactive shell. This is invoked when invoking a shell script at the command line. Depending on the type of shell you use, different configuration files will be read. The following tables show the login and non-login shell configuration files. Do not modify this file, otherwise your modifications may be destroyed during your next update! Note that the login shell also sources the configuration files listed under Table 1. User defined aliases of frequently used commands. See man 1 alias for more details about defining aliases. Both fail silently when the user attempts to log into the system. This was intended as a security measure for system users, though modern Linux operating systems have more effective tools for controlling system access, such as PAM and AppArmor. However, whatever little bit of security gained by using nobody is lost when multiple system users use it. The output varies according to the services and users on your system:. The following table provides a short overview of the most important higher-level directories that you find on a Linux system. Find more detailed information about the directories and important subdirectories in the following list. Essential binary files, such as commands that are needed by both the system administrator and normal users. Usually also contains the shells, such as Bash. Holds the home directories of all users who have accounts on the system. Contains the Windows data. The following list provides more detailed information and gives some examples of which files and subdirectories can be found in the directories:. Contains the basic shell commands that may be used both by root and by other users. These commands include ls , mkdir , cp , mv , rm and rmdir. Contains data required for booting, such as the boot loader, the kernel, and other data that is used before the kernel begins executing user-mode programs. Contains local configuration files that control the operation of programs like the X Window System. Holds the private data of every user who has an account on the system. The files located here can only be modified by their owner or by the system administrator. By default, your e-mail directory and personal desktop configuration are located here in the form of hidden files and directories, such as. Contains the essential shared libraries needed to boot the system and to run the commands in the root file system. The Windows equivalent for shared libraries are DLL files. When your removable medium has been inserted or connected to the system and has been mounted, you can access it from here. This directory provides a mount point for a temporarily mounted file system. Reserved for the installation of third-party software. Optional software and larger add-on program packages can be found here. Home directory for the root user. The personal data of root is located here. A tmpfs directory used by systemd and various components. As the s indicates, this directory holds utilities for the superuser. This directory contains all application programs including the graphical desktops such as GNOME and establishes a secondary hierarchy in the file system. In this directory the system administrator can install local, distribution-independent extensions. Holds various documentation files and the release notes for your system. In the manual subdirectory find an online version of this manual. If more than one language is installed, this directory may contain versions of the manuals for different languages. Under packages find the documentation included in the software packages installed on your system. Shell scripts provide a convenient way to perform a wide range of tasks: collecting data, searching for a word or phrase in a text and other useful things. The following example shows a small shell script that prints a text:. The first line begins with the Shebang characters! The interpreter, specified after the Shebang , executes the script. The second line is a comment beginning with the hash sign. We recommend that you comment difficult lines. With proper commenting, you can remember the purpose and function of the line. Also, other readers will hopefully understand your script. Commenting is considered good practice in the development community. The third line uses the built-in command echo to print the corresponding text. Every script should contain a Shebang line as in the example above. If the line is missing, you need to call the interpreter manually. You can save the script wherever you want. However, it is a good idea to save it in a directory where the shell can find it. The search path in a shell is determined by the environment variable PATH. The above example gets the name hello. The script needs executable permissions. Set the permissions with the following command:. If you have fulfilled all of the above prerequisites, you can execute the script in the following ways:. As Absolute Path. The script can be executed with an absolute path. If the PATH environment variable contains the directory where the script is located, you can execute the script with hello. Standard Output. This is the default output channel. Whenever a command prints something, it uses the standard output channel. Standard Input. If a command needs input from users or other commands, it uses this channel. Standard Error. Commands use this channel for error reporting. Saves the output of the command into a file, an existing file will be deleted. For example, the ls command writes its output into the file listing. Appends the output of the command to a file. For example, the ls command appends its output to the file listing. Reads the file as input for the given command. For example, the read command reads in the content of the file into the variable:. Redirects the output of the left command as input for the right command. This output is used by grep to filter only those lines which contain cpu :. Every channel has a file descriptor : 0 zero for standard input, 1 for standard output and 2 for standard error. For example, the following line defines an alias lt that outputs a long listing option -l , sorts it by modification time -t , and prints it in reverse sorted order -r :. To view all alias definitions, use alias. Remove your alias with unalias and the corresponding alias name. A shell variable can be global or local. Global variables, or environment variables, can be accessed in all shells. In contrast, local variables are visible in the current shell only. To view all environment variables, use the printenv command. If you need to know the value of a variable, insert the name of your variable as an argument:. A variable, be it global or local, can also be viewed with echo :. To set a local variable, use a variable name followed by the equal sign, followed by the value:. Do not insert spaces around the equal sign, otherwise you get an error. To set an environment variable, use export :. The following table contains some common environment variables which can be used in you shell scripts:. English can also be set to C. For example, if you have the script foo. To access all the arguments which are passed to your script, you need positional parameters. You can have up to nine parameters. The following script foo. Variable substitutions apply a pattern to the content of a variable either from the left or right side. The following list contains the possible syntax forms:. Shells allow you to concatenate and group commands for conditional execution. Each command returns an exit code which determines the success or failure of its operation. If it is 0 zero the command was successful, everything else marks an error which is specific to the command. The exit code is not checked. The following line displays the content of the file with cat and then prints its file properties with ls regardless of their exit codes:. The following line displays the content of the file and prints its file properties only, when the previous command was successful compare it with the previous entry in this list :. You can use the positional parameters to access its arguments. The following line defines the function hello to print a short message:. To control the flow of your script, a shell has while , if , for and case constructs. The if command is used to check expressions. For example, the following code tests whether the current user is Tux:. The test expression can be as complex or simple as possible. The following expression checks if the file foo. The for loop allows you to execute commands to a list of entries. For example, the following code prints some information about PNG files in the current directory:. Important information about Bash is provided in the man pages man bash. More about this topic can be found in the following list:. However, sudo provides a flexible mechanism that allows users to run commands with privileges of any other user. This can be used to assign roles with specific privileges to certain users and groups. For example, it is possible to allow members of the group users to run a command with the privileges of user wilber. Access to the command can be further restricted by disallowing any command options. While su always requires the root password for authentication with PAM, sudo can be configured to authenticate with your own credentials. This means that the users do not have to share the root password, which improves security. The following chapter provides an introduction to basic usage of sudo. As a regular user, you can run any command as root by adding sudo before it. This prompts you to provide the root password. If authenticated successfully, this runs the command as root :. The id -un command prints the login name of the current user. The password is not shown during input, neither as clear text nor as masking characters. Only commands that start with sudo run with elevated privileges. The elevated privileges persist for a certain period of time, so you do not have to provide the the root again. In the example above, only the echo and cat commands run with elevated privileges. The redirection is done by the user's shell with user privileges. To perform redirection with elevated privileges, either start a shell as in Section 2. Using sudo every time to run a command with elevated privileges is not always practical. While you can use the sudo bash command, it is recommended to use one of the built-in mechanisms to start a shell:. If a command is specified, it is passed to the shell with the -c option. Otherwise the shell runs in interactive mode. Similar to -s , but starts the shell as a login shell. This means that the shell's start-up files. By default, sudo does not propagate environment variables. If you accidentally locked yourself out of sudo , use su - and the root password to start a root shell. To fix the error, run visudo. As it is possible to lock yourself out of the system if the file is malformed, it is strongly recommended to use visudo for editing. It prevents editing conflicts and checks for syntax errors before saving the modifications. Use the following command to create or edit a file:. The command bellow opens the file using a different editor in this case, nano :. For more information on the visudo command, run man 8 visudo. The sudoers configuration files contain two types of options: strings and flags. The most important syntax constructs for sudoers configuration files are as follows:. There are two exceptions: include and includedir are regular commands. See Section 2. This flag controls whether the invoking user is required to enter the password of the target user ON for example root or the invoking user OFF. If set, sudo prompts for the root password. The default is OFF. The default is ON. The Defaults token can also be used to create aliases for a collection of users, hosts, and commands. Furthermore, it is possible to apply an option only to a specific set of users. Each rule follows the following scheme [] marks optional parts :. Negation can be specified with the! One or several separated by comma identifiers: either a fully qualified host name or an IP address. One or several separated by comma specifiers: A path to an executable, followed by an optional allowed argument. A rule that allows tux to run all commands as root without entering a password:. A rule that allows tux to run systemctl restart apache2 :. A rule that allows tux to run wall as admin with no arguments:. Otherwise anyone can run commands as root. When specifying the group name in the sudoers file, make sure that you use the the NetBIOS domain name instead of the realm, for example:. Keep in mind that when using winbindd, the format also depends on the winbind separator option in the smb. While the default configuration works for standard usage scenarios, you can customize the default configuration to meet your specific needs. By design, members of the group wheel can run all commands with sudo as root. The following procedure explains how to add a user account to the wheel group. Log out and log in again to enable the change. Do not skip this step. Otherwise any user can execute any command as root! Run sudo as member and non-member of wheel. Starting graphical applications with sudo usually results in the following error:. A simple workaround is to use xhost to temporarily allow the root user to access the local user's X session. This is done using the following command:. Running graphical applications with root privileges has security implications. It is recommended to enable root access for a graphical application only as an exception. It is also recommended to revoke the granted root access as soon as the graphical application is closed. The sudo --help command offers a brief overview of the available command line options, while the man sudoers command provides detailed information about sudoers and its configuration. Written in Ruby, YaST features an extensible architecture that makes it possible to add new functionality via modules. Detailed information on using specific YaST modules and functionality is covered throughout the documentation. Section Section 7. In the graphical version of YaST, all modules in YaST are grouped by category, and the navigation sidebar allows you to quickly access modules in the desired category. The search field at the top makes it possible to find modules by their names. To find a specific module, enter its name into the search field, and you should see the modules that match the entered string as you type. Send a DebugEvent. YaST modules can react to this by executing special debugging actions. The result depends on the specific YaST module. You can navigate the ncurses interface using the keyboard, and there are keyboard shortcuts for practically all interface elements. The ncurses interface is light on resources, and runs fast even on modest hardware. Keep in mind that the minimum supported size of the terminal emulator in which to run YaST is 80x25 characters. To launch the ncurses-based version of YaST, open the terminal and run the sudo yast2 command. Use the Tab or arrow keys to navigate between interface elements like menu items, fields, and buttons. All menu items and buttons in YaST can be accessed using the appropriate function keys or keyboard shortcuts. For example, you can cancel the current operation by pressing F9 , while the F10 key can be used to accept the changes. Each menu item and button in YaST's ncurses-based interface has a highlighted letter in its label. This letter is part of the keyboard shortcut assigned to the interface element. For example, the letter Q is highlighted in the Quit button. If a YaST dialog gets corrupted or distorted for example, while resizing the window , press Ctrl — L to refresh and restore its contents. The following description of the control elements in the YaST modules assumes that all function keys and Alt key combinations work and are not assigned to different global functions. Read Section 4. If the arrow key causes the selection to move to another frame, use Ctrl — E or Ctrl — A instead. To select items with empty square brackets check boxes or empty parentheses radio buttons , press Space or Enter. In this case, you do not need to confirm with Enter. The function keys from F1 to F12 enable quick access to the various buttons. Which function keys are actually mapped to which buttons depend on the active YaST module, because the different modules offer different buttons Details , Info , Add , Delete , etc. Press F1 to access the YaST help. Some YaST modules use a navigation tree in the left part of the window to select configuration dialogs. Use Space to open or close tree items. In the ncurses mode, Enter must be pressed after a selection in the navigation tree to show the selected dialog. This is an intentional behavior to save time-consuming redraws when browsing through the navigation tree. Use the filters on the left side to list packages matching the specified string. Installed packages are marked with the letter i. To change the status of a package, press Space or Enter. Alternatively, use the Actions menu to select the needed status change install, delete, update, taboo, or lock. Keys like Alt or Shift can also be occupied by the settings of the terminal. Alt shortcuts can be executed with Esc instead of Alt. For example, Esc — H replaces Alt — H. Press Esc , then press H. If the Alt and Shift combinations are taken over by the window manager or the terminal, use the combinations Ctrl — F forward and Ctrl — B backward instead. The function keys F F12 are also used for functions. Certain function keys might be taken over by the terminal and may not be available for YaST. However, the Alt key combinations and function keys should always be fully available on a text-only console. Besides the text mode interface, YaST provides a command line interface. To get a list of YaST command line options, use the following command:. If you know the package name, and the package is provided by an active installation repository, you can use the command line option -i to install the package:. While YaST offers basic functionality for managing software from the command line, consider using Zypper for more advanced package management tasks. Find more information on using Zypper in Section 6. View a list of all modules available on your system with yast -l or yast --list. However, not all modules have command line support. To display the available options of a module, use the following command:. If a module does not provide command line support, it is started in a text mode with the following message:. The following sections describe all YaST modules with command line support, along with a brief explanation of all their commands and available options. Same as help , but adds a detailed list of all command's options and their descriptions:. Same as longhelp , but the output is structured as an XML document and redirected to a file:. Enters the interactive mode. This lets you run the module's commands without prefixing them with sudo yast. Use exit to leave the interactive mode. Displays and configures the Linux Audit Framework. For a complete list of options, run yast audit-laf set help. For a complete list of options, run yast audit-laf show help. Manages the DHCP server and configures its settings. For a complete list of options, run yast dhcp-server interface help. Manages global DHCP options. For a complete list of options, run yast dhcp-server options help. Manages the DHCP subnet options. For a complete list of options, run yast dhcp-server subnet help. Manages the DNS server configuration. For a complete list of options, run yast dns-server dnsrecord help. For a complete list of options, run yast dns-server forwarders help. For a complete list of options, run yast dns-server host help. For a complete list of options, run yast dns-server logging help. For a complete list of options, run yast dns-server mailserver help. For a complete list of options, run yast dns-server nameserver help. For a complete list of options, run yast dns-server soa help. For a complete list of options, run yast dns-server startup help. Configures zone transport rules. For a complete list of options, run yast dns-server transport help. For a complete list of options, run yast dns-server zones help. Prints information about all disks or partitions. The only supported command is list followed by either of the following options:. Configures FTP server settings. SSL options are valid for the vsftpd only. For a complete list of options, run yast ftp-server access help. Specifies the directory for anonymous users. The directory must already exist on the server:. Sets the maximum idle time in minutes before FTP server terminates the current connection:. For a complete list of options, run yast ftp-server startup help. Specifies the file umask for authenticated:anonymous users:. For a complete list of options, run yast http-server configure help. For a complete list of options, run yast http-server hosts help. For a complete list of options, run yast http-server listen help. Configures kdump settings. For a complete list of options, run yast kdump customkernel help. Specifies the compression format of the dump kernel image. Available formats are 'none', 'ELF', 'compressed', or 'lzo':. For a complete list of options, run yast kdump dumptarget help. Controls whether the system should reboot immediately after saving the core in the kdump kernel:. Specifies the command line that you need to append to the default command line string:. Specifies the file with the plain text SMTP password used for sending notification messages:. Configures the system keyboard for virtual consoles. Configures network cards. For a complete list of options, run yast lan add help. Configures system languages. Controls the NFS client. Configures the NFS server. For a complete list of options, run yast nfs-server add help. For a complete list of options, run yast nfs-server set help. Configures the NIS client. For a complete list of options, run yast nis configure help. Configures a NIS server. For a complete list of options, run yast nis-server master help. For a complete list of options, run yast nis-server slave help. Configures proxy settings. For a complete list of options, run yast proxy authentication help. Controls remote desktop settings. Configures the Samba client settings. Enables or disables Winbind services the winbindd daemon :. Configures Samba server settings. For a complete list of options, run yast samba-server backend help. For a complete list of options, run yast samba-server configure help. For a complete list of options, run yast samba-server role help. Enables or disables the Samba services smb and nmb :. For a complete list of options, run yast samba-server share help. Controls the security level of the host. For a complete list of options, run yast security level help. For a complete list of options, run yast security set help. Configures sound card settings. Configures a new sound card. Without any parameters, the command adds the first detected card. For a complete list of options, run yast sound add help. Displays summary of modified variables. Use all to list all variables and their values:. Configures a TFTP server. Configures the time zone. Manages user accounts. For a complete list of options, run yast users delete help. If you have registered your product during the installation, an update repository is already configured. Alternatively, you can manually add an update repository from a source you trust. If you are not able to access the update catalog, this might be because of an expired subscription. Normally, SUSE Linux Enterprise Server comes with a one-year or three-year subscription, during which you have access to the update catalog. This access will be denied after the subscription ends. If an access to the update catalog is denied, you will see a warning message prompting you to visit the SUSE Customer Center and check your subscription. The patches are sorted by security relevance: security , recommended , and optional. You can change the view of the Summary section by selecting one of the following options from Show Patch Category :. Patches that either apply to packages not installed on your system, or patches that have requirements which have already have been fulfilled because the relevant packages have already been updated from another source. Each list entry in the Summary section consists of a symbol and the patch name. For an overview of the possible symbols and their meaning, press Shift — F1. Actions required by Security and Recommended patches are automatically preset. These actions are Autoinstall , Autoupdate and Autodelete. If you install an up-to-date package from a repository other than the update repository, the requirements of a patch for this package may be fulfilled with this installation. In this case a check mark is displayed in front of the patch summary. The patch will be visible in the list until you mark it for installation. This will in fact not install the patch because the package already is up-to-date , but mark the patch as having been installed. Select an entry in the Summary section to view a short Patch Description at the bottom left corner of the dialog. The upper right section lists the packages included in the selected patch a patch can consist of several packages. Click an entry in the upper right section to view details about the respective package that is included in the patch. The YaST Online Update dialog allows you to either install all available patches at once or manually select the desired patches. You may also revert patches that have been applied to the system. By default, all new patches except optional ones that are currently available for your system are already marked for installation. They will be applied automatically once you click Accept or Apply. If one or multiple patches require a system reboot, you will be notified about this before the patch installation starts. You can then either decide to continue with the installation of the selected patches, skip the installation of all patches that need rebooting and install the rest, or go back to the manual patch selection. To automatically apply all new patches except optional ones that are currently available for your system, click Apply or Accept. Use the respective filters and views that the interface provides. For details, refer to Section 5. Select or deselect patches according to your needs and wishes by right-clicking the patch and choosing the respective action from the context menu. Do not deselect any security -related patches without a very good reason. These patches fix severe security hazards and prevent your system from being exploited. Most patches include updates for several packages. To change actions for single packages, right-click a package in the package view and choose an action. To confirm your selection and apply the selected patches, proceed with Apply or Accept. Your system is now up-to-date. You may configure automatic updates with a daily, weekly, or monthly schedule with YaST. Install the yast2-online-update-configuration package. By default, updates are downloaded as delta RPMs. Since rebuilding RPM packages from delta RPMs is a memory- and processor-intensive task, certain setups or hardware configurations might require you to disable the use of delta RPMs for the sake of performance. Some patches, such as kernel updates or packages requiring license agreements, require user interaction, which would cause the automatic update procedure to stop. You can configure skipping patches that require user interaction. If the yast2-online-update-configuration is not installed, you will be prompted to do that. Choose the update interval: Daily , Weekly , or Monthly. Sometimes patches may require the attention of the administrator, for example when restarting critical services. For example, this might be an update for Docker Open Source Engine that requires all containers to be restarted. Before these patches are installed, the user is informed about the consequences and is asked to confirm the installation of the patch. When installing patches automatically, it is assumed that you have accepted the installation of interactive patches. If you prefer to review these patches before they get installed, check Skip Interactive Patches. In this case, interactive patches will be skipped during automated patching. Make sure to periodically run a manual online update, to check whether interactive patches are waiting to be installed. To automatically accept any license agreements, activate Agree with Licenses. To automatically install all packages recommended by updated packages, activate Include Recommended Packages. To filter the patches by category such as security or recommended , check Filter by Category and add the appropriate patch categories from the list. Only patches of the selected categories will be installed. It is a good practice to enable only automatic Security updates, and to manually review all others. Patching is usually reliable, but you may wish to test non-security patches, and roll them back if you encounter any problems. Security patches provide crucial updates and bugfixes. Recommended patches are optional bugfixes and enhancements. The automatic online update does not automatically restart the system afterward. If there are package updates that require a system reboot, you need to do this manually. Zypper is a command line package manager for installing, updating and removing packages. It also manages repositories. It is especially useful for accomplishing remote software management tasks or managing software from shell scripts. The components enclosed in brackets are not required. See zypper help for a list of general options and all commands. The simplest way to execute Zypper is to type its name, followed by a command. For example, to apply all needed patches to the system, use:. Additionally, you can choose from one or more global options by typing them immediately before the command:. In the above example, the option --non-interactive means that the command is run without asking anything automatically applying the default answers. To use options that are specific to a particular command, type them immediately after the command:. In the above example, --auto-agree-with-licenses is used to apply all needed patches to a system without you being asked to confirm any licenses. Instead, license will be accepted automatically. Some commands require one or more arguments. For example, when using the command install , you need to specify which package or which packages you want to install :. Some options also require a single argument. The following command will list all known patterns:. You can combine all of the above. For example, the following command will install the mc and vim packages from the factory repository while being verbose:. The --from option keeps all repositories enabled for solving any dependencies while requesting the package from the specified repository. Most Zypper commands have a dry-run option that does a simulation of the given command. It can be used for test purposes. You can specify a string with this option, which gets written to Zypper's log files and plug-ins such as the Btrfs plug-in. It can be used to mark and identify transactions in log files. This enables writing your own local extensions and storing them in userspace. Executing subcommands in the Zypper shell, and using global Zypper options are not supported. Do not remove mandatory system packages like glibc , zypper , kernel. If they are removed, the system can become unstable or stop working altogether. There are various ways to address packages with the commands zypper install and zypper remove. Where mozilla is the alias of the repository from which to install. You can select all packages that have names starting or ending with a certain string. Use wild cards with care, especially when removing packages. When debugging a problem, you sometimes need to temporarily install a lot of -debuginfo packages which give you more information about running processes. After your debugging session finishes and you need to clean the environment, run the following:. For example, to install a package without knowing its name, capabilities come in handy. The following command will install the package MozillaFirefox :. Together with a capability, you can specify a hardware architecture and a version:. The name of the desired hardware architecture is appended to the capability after a full stop. To install emacs and simultaneously remove vim , use:. To remove emacs and simultaneously install vim , use:. To prevent the package name starting with the - being interpreted as a command option, always use it as the second argument. If this is not possible, precede it with -- :. If together with a certain package , you automatically want to remove any packages that become unneeded after removing the specified package, use the --clean-deps option:. By default, Zypper asks for a confirmation before installing or removing a selected package, or when a problem occurs. You can override this behavior using the --non-interactive option. This option must be given before the actual command install , remove , and patch , as can be seen in the following:. These values can be changed in your local rpm configuration. This command will also install the build dependencies of the specified package. If you do not want this, add the switch -D :. Of course, this will only work if you have the repository with the source packages enabled in your repository list it is added by default, but not enabled. See Section 6. You can also download source packages for all installed packages to a local directory. To download source packages, use:. You can change it using the --directory option. To only show missing or extraneous packages without downloading or deleting anything, use the --status option. To delete extraneous source packages, use the --delete option. To disable deleting, use the --no-delete option. Normally you can only install or refresh packages from enabled repositories. The --plus-content TAG option helps you specify repositories to be refreshed, temporarily enabled during the current Zypper session, and disabled after it completes. For example, to enable repositories that may provide additional -debuginfo or -debugsource packages, use --plus-content debug. You can specify this option multiple times. To temporarily enable such 'debug' repositories to install a specific -debuginfo package, use the option as follows:. The build-id string is reported by gdb for missing debuginfo packages. You can use the --plus-content option to install packages from the installation media instead of the online repositories. Before calling zypper , ensure the media is available, for example by inserting the DVD into the computer's drive. To verify whether all dependencies are still fulfilled and to repair missing dependencies, use:. These recommended packages are only installed if actually available and installable. In case recommended packages were made available after the recommending package has been installed by adding additional packages or hardware , use the following command:. This command is very useful after plugging in a Web cam or Wi-Fi device. It will install drivers for the device and related software, if available. Drivers and related software are only installable if certain hardware dependencies are fulfilled. There are three different ways to update software using Zypper: by installing patches, by installing a new version of a package or by updating the entire distribution. The latter is achieved with zypper dist-upgrade. All patches available from repositories configured on your computer are checked for their relevance to your installation. If they are relevant and not classified as optional or feature , they are installed immediately. If a patch that is about to be installed includes changes that require a system reboot, you will be warned before. The plain zypper patch command does not apply patches from third party repositories. To update also the third party repositories, use the with-update command option as follows:. Bear in mind that other command options that would also update other repositories will be dropped if you use the updatestack-only command option. To find out whether patches are available, Zypper allows viewing the following information:. To list the number of needed patches patches that apply to your system but are not yet installed , use patch-check :. This command can be combined with the --updatestack-only option to list only the patches which affect Zypper and the package management itself. To list all needed patches patches that apply to your system but are not yet installed , use list-patches :. Note the new Since column. From Zypper 1. To list all patches available for SUSE Linux Enterprise Server , regardless of whether they are already installed or apply to your installation, use zypper patches. It is also possible to list and install patches relevant to specific issues. To list specific patches, use the zypper list-patches command with the following options:. To list all needed patches that relate to Bugzilla issues, use the option --bugzilla. To search for patches relating to multiple Bugzilla issues, add commas between the bug numbers, for example:. To list all needed patches that relate to an entry in the CVE database Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures , use the option --cve. To list all patches regardless of whether they are needed, use the option --all additionally. For example, to list all patches with a CVE number assigned, use:. If a repository contains only new packages, but does not provide patches, zypper patch does not show any effect. To update all installed packages with newer available versions while maintaining system integrity , use:. To update individual packages, specify the package with either the update or install command:. A list of all new available packages regardless whether installable or not can be obtained with:. To find out why a new package cannot be installed, use the zypper install or zypper update command as described above. These orphaned packages belong to no active repository anymore. The following command gives you a list of these:. When patching, updating or removing packages, there may be running processes on the system which continue to use files having been deleted by the update or removal. Use zypper ps to list processes using deleted files. In case the process belongs to a known service, the service name is listed, making it easy to restart the service. By default zypper ps shows a table:. Show the commands to retrieve status information for services which might need a restart. For more information about service handling refer to Chapter 15, The systemd Daemon. All installation or patch commands of Zypper rely on a list of known repositories. To list all repositories known to the system, use the command:. When specifying repositories in various commands, an alias, URI or repository number from the zypper repos command output can be used. A repository alias is a short version of the repository name for use in repository handling commands. Note that the repository numbers can change after modifying the list of repositories. The alias will never change by itself. By default, details such as the URI or the priority of the repository are not displayed. Use the following command to list all details:. You can freely choose it, with the only exception that it needs to be unique. Zypper will issue a warning if you specify an alias that is already in use. To fetch the changes, run:. By default, some commands perform refresh automatically, so you do not need to run the command explicitly. The refresh command enables you to view changes also in disabled repositories, by using the --plus-content option:. This option fetches changes in repositories, but keeps the disabled repositories in the same state—disabled. To remove a repository from the list, use the command zypper removerepo together with the alias or number of the repository you want to delete. Enable or disable repositories with zypper modifyrepo. You can also alter the repository's properties such as refreshing behavior, name or priority with this command. The following command will enable the repository named updates , turn on auto-refresh and set its priority to Modifying repositories is not limited to a single repository—you can also operate on groups:. To rename a repository alias, use the renamerepo command. The following example changes the alias from Mozilla Firefox to firefox :. Zypper offers various methods to query repositories or packages. To get lists of all products, patterns, packages or patches available, use the following commands:. To query all repositories for certain packages, use search. To get information regarding particular packages, use the info command. The zypper search command works on package names, or, optionally, on package summaries and descriptions. By default, the search is not case-sensitive. To search for packages both within and outside of currently enabled SLE modules, use the search-packages subcommand. Search for an exact match of your search string: -x , --match-exact. Group the results by module default: group by package : -g, --group-by-module. Display more detailed information about packages: -d , --details. To search for packages which provide a special capability, use the command what-provides. For example, if you want to know which package provides the Perl module SVN::Core , use the following command:. Zypper, on the other hand, will tell you about providers of the capability from any repository, not only those that are installed. To query single packages, use info with an exact package name as an argument. This displays detailed information about a package. In case the package name does not match any package name from repositories, the command outputs detailed information for non-package matches. If you request a specific type by using the -t option and the type does not exist, the command outputs other available matches but without detailed information. If you specify a source package, the command displays binary packages built from the source package. If you specify a binary package, the command outputs the source packages used to build the binary package. SUSE products are generally supported for 10 years. Often, you can extend that standard lifecycle by using the extended support offerings of SUSE which add three years of support. To check the lifecycle of your product and the supported package, use the zypper lifecycle command as shown below:. Zypper now comes with a configuration file, allowing you to permanently change Zypper's behavior either system-wide or user-specific. Refer to the comments in the file for help about the available options. If you have trouble accessing packages from configured repositories for example, Zypper cannot find a certain package even though you know it exists in one of the repositories , refreshing the repositories may help:. This forces a complete refresh and rebuild of the database, including a forced download of raw metadata. If the Btrfs file system is used on the root partition and snapper is installed, Zypper automatically calls snapper when committing changes to the file system to create appropriate file system snapshots. These snapshots can be used to revert any changes made by Zypper. For more information on managing software from the command line, enter zypper help , zypper help COMMAND or refer to the zypper 8 man page. Its main commands are rpm and rpmbuild. The powerful RPM database can be queried by the users, system administrators and package builders for detailed information about the installed software. Installable RPM archives are packed in a special binary format. These archives consist of the program files to install and certain meta information used during the installation by rpm to configure the software package or stored in the RPM database for documentation purposes. RPM archives normally have the extension. For several packages, the components needed for software development libraries, headers, include files, etc. These development packages are only needed if you want to compile software yourself for example, the most recent GNOME packages. They can be identified by the name extension -devel , such as the packages alsa-devel and gimp-devel. This is especially recommended for update packages from the Internet. While fixing issues in the operating system, you might need to install a Problem Temporary Fix PTF into a production system. To manually import the key, use the following command:. With this command the package is installed, but only if its dependencies are fulfilled and if there are no conflicts with other packages. With an error message, rpm requests those packages that need to be installed to meet dependency requirements. In the background, the RPM database ensures that no conflicts arise—a specific file can only belong to one package. By choosing different options, you can force rpm to ignore these defaults, but this is only for experts. Otherwise, you risk compromising the integrity of the system and possibly jeopardize the ability to update the system. This command removes the files of the old version and immediately installs the new files. The difference between the two versions is that -U installs packages that previously did not exist in the system, while -F merely updates previously installed packages. When updating, rpm updates configuration files carefully using the following strategy:. If a configuration file was not changed by the system administrator, rpm installs the new version of the appropriate file. No action by the system administrator is required. If a configuration file was changed by the system administrator before the update, rpm saves the changed file with the extension. This is done only if the originally installed file and the newer version are different. If this is the case, compare the backup file. Afterward, delete all. Following an update,. In other words,. The -U switch is not only an equivalent to uninstalling with the -e option and installing with the -i option. Use -U whenever possible. This command only deletes the package if there are no unresolved dependencies. Even in this case, RPM calls for assistance from the database. If such a deletion is, for whatever reason, impossible even if no additional dependencies exist , it may be helpful to rebuild the RPM database using the option --rebuilddb. The delta RPM packages are even smaller in size than patch RPMs, which is an advantage when transferring update packages over the Internet. The makedeltarpm and applydelta binaries are part of the delta RPM suite package deltarpm and help you create and apply delta RPM packages. With the following commands, you can create a delta RPM called new. The following command assumes that old. Using applydeltarpm , you can reconstruct the new RPM from the file system if the old package is already installed:. To derive it from the old RPM without accessing the file system, use the -r option:. With the -q option rpm initiates queries, making it possible to inspect an RPM archive by adding the option -p and to query the RPM database of installed packages. Several switches are available to specify the type of information required. See Table 6. File list with complete details to be used with -l , -c , or -d. List features of the package that another package can request with --requires. For example, the command rpm -q -i wget displays the information shown in Example 6. The option -f only works if you specify the complete file name with its full path. Provide as many file names as desired. For example:. If only part of the file name is known, use a shell script as shown in Example 6. Pass the partial file name to the script shown as a parameter when running it. With the installed RPM database, verification checks can be made. Initiate these with -V , or --verify. With this option, rpm shows all files in a package that have been changed since installation. In the case of configuration files, the letter c is printed. If the database is much larger than expected, it is useful to rebuild the database with the option --rebuilddb. Before doing this, make a backup of the old database. The cron script cron. All source packages carry a. Source packages can be copied from the installation medium to the hard disk and unpacked with YaST. They are not, however, marked as installed [i] in the package manager. This is because the source packages are not entered in the RPM database. Only installed operating system software is listed in the RPM database. Do not experiment with system components glibc , rpm , etc. The following example uses the wget. After installing the source package, you should have files similar to those in the following list:. X is a wild card for various stages of the build process see the output of --help or the RPM documentation for details. The following is merely a brief explanation:. Do the same as -bp , but with additional installation of the built software. Caution: if the package does not support the BuildRoot feature, you might overwrite configuration files. Do the same as -bi , but with the additional creation of the binary package. Do the same as -bb , but with the additional creation of the source RPM. The binary RPM created can now be installed with rpm -i or, preferably, with rpm -U. Installation with rpm makes it appear in the RPM database. If you still need this feature, use the --buildroot option as a workaround. The danger with many packages is that unwanted files are added to the running system during the build process. To prevent this use build , which creates a defined environment in which the package is built. To establish this chroot environment, the build script must be provided with a complete package tree. Unlike rpm , the build command looks for the. The package is built in this environment. The build script offers several additional options. For example, cause the script to prefer your own RPMs, omit the initialization of the build environment or limit the rpm command to one of the above-mentioned stages. Access additional information with build --help and by reading the build man page. Midnight Commander mc can display the contents of RPM archives and copy parts of them. It represents archives as virtual file systems, offering all usual menu options of Midnight Commander. View the archive structure with the cursor keys and Enter. Copy archive components with F5. A full-featured package manager is available as a YaST module. Snapper has a command-line interface and a YaST interface. Snapper lets you create and manage file system snapshots on the following types of file systems:. Btrfs, a copy-on-write file system for Linux that natively supports file system snapshots of subvolumes. Subvolumes are separately mountable file systems within a physical partition. You can also boot from Btrfs snapshots. For more information, see Section 7. Undo system changes made by zypper and YaST. See Section 7. Restore files from previous snapshots. Do a system rollback by booting from a snapshot. Manually create and manage snapshots, within the running system. If you disabled Snapper during the installation, you can enable it at any time later. To do so, create a default Snapper configuration for the root file system by running:. Afterward enable the different snapshot types as described in Section 7. Note that on a Btrfs root file system, snapshots require a file system with subvolumes set up as proposed by the installer and a partition size of at least 16 GB. When a snapshot is created, both the snapshot and the original point to the same blocks in the file system. So, initially a snapshot does not occupy additional disk space. If data in the original file system is modified, changed data blocks are copied while the old data blocks are kept for the snapshot. Therefore, a snapshot occupies the same amount of space as the data modified. So, over time, the amount of space a snapshot allocates, constantly grows. As a consequence, deleting files from a Btrfs file system containing snapshots may not free disk space! Snapshots always reside on the same partition or subvolume on which the snapshot has been taken. It is not possible to store snapshots on a different partition or subvolume. As a result, partitions containing snapshots need to be larger than partitions not containing snapshots. The exact amount depends strongly on the number of snapshots you keep and the amount of data modifications. As a rule of thumb, give partitions twice as much space as you normally would. To prevent disks from running out of space, old snapshots are automatically cleaned up. Refer to Section 7. Although snapshots themselves do not differ in a technical sense, we distinguish between three types of snapshots, based on the events that trigger them:. A single snapshot is created every hour. Old snapshots are automatically deleted. By default, the first snapshot of the last ten days, months, and years are kept. Timeline snapshots are disabled by default. Installation snapshots are enabled by default. Administration snapshots are enabled by default. Some directories need to be excluded from snapshots for different reasons. The following list shows all directories that are excluded:. A rollback of the boot loader configuration is not supported. The directories listed above are architecture-specific. It is excluded to avoid uninstalling these applications on rollbacks. This directory is used when manually installing software. It is excluded to avoid uninstalling these installations on rollbacks. Therefore this subvolume is created to exclude all of this variable data from snapshots and has Copy-On-Write disabled. However, all aspects of taking automatic snapshots and snapshot keeping can be configured according to your needs. Each of the three snapshot types timeline, installation, administration can be enabled or disabled independently. Enabling: Install the package snapper-zypp-plugin. Disabling: Uninstall the package snapper-zypp-plugin. Taking snapshot pairs upon installing packages with YaST or Zypper is handled by the snapper-zypp-plugin. By default the file looks like the following:. The match attribute defines whether the pattern is a Unix shell-style wild card w or a Python regular expression re. If the given pattern matches and the corresponding package is marked as important for example kernel packages , the snapshot will also be marked as important. Pattern to match a package name. Based on the setting of the match attribute, special characters are either interpreted as shell wild cards or regular expressions. This pattern matches all package names starting with kernel-. With this configuration snapshot, pairs are made whenever a package is installed line 9. When the kernel, dracut, glibc, systemd, or udev packages marked as important are installed, the snapshot pair will also be marked as important lines 4 to 8. All rules are evaluated. To disable a rule, either delete it or deactivate it using XML comments. To prevent the system from making snapshot pairs for every package installation for example, comment line Such a subvolume will be excluded from snapshots. You need to make sure not to create it inside an existing snapshot, since you would not be able to delete snapshots anymore after a rollback. Any new subvolumes you create and permanently mount need to be created in this initial root file system. To do so, run the following commands. A subvolume may contain files that constantly change, such as virtualized disk images, database files, or log files. If so, consider disabling the copy-on-write feature for this volume, to avoid duplication of disk blocks. Snapshots occupy disk space. To prevent disks from running out of space and thus causing system outages, old snapshots are automatically deleted. By default, up to ten important installation and administration snapshots and up to ten regular installation and administration snapshots are kept. A minimum of four important and two regular snapshots are always kept. You can adjust this configuration according to your needs as described in Section 7. For this purpose, Snapper is configured to create a pair of snapshots before and after each run of zypper and YaST. Snapper also lets you restore system files that have been accidentally deleted or modified. Timeline snapshots for the root partition need to be enabled for this purpose—see Section 7. By default, automatic snapshots as described above are configured for the root partition and its subvolumes. When working with snapshots to restore data, it is important to know that there are two fundamentally different scenarios Snapper can handle:. When undoing changes as described in the following, two snapshots are being compared and the changes between these two snapshots are made undone. Using this method also allows to explicitly select the files that should be restored. When doing rollbacks as described in Section 7. When undoing changes, it is also possible to compare a snapshot against the current system. When restoring all files from such a comparison, this will have the same result as doing a rollback. However, using the method described in Section 7. There is no mechanism to ensure data consistency when creating a snapshot. Whenever a file for example, a database is written at the same time as the snapshot is being created, it will result in a corrupted or partly written file. Restoring such a file will cause problems. Therefore it is strongly recommended to always closely review the list of changed files and their diffs. Only restore files that really belong to the action you want to revert. If you set up the root partition with Btrfs during the installation, Snapper—preconfigured for doing rollbacks of YaST or Zypper changes—will automatically be installed. Comparing two snapshots the tools also allow you to see which files have been changed. You can also display the differences between two versions of a file diff. Make sure Current Configuration is set to root. This is always the case unless you have manually added own Snapper configurations. Choose a pair of pre- and post-snapshots from the list. YaST snapshots are labeled as zypp y2base in the Description column ; Zypper snapshots are labeled zypp zypper. Click Show Changes to open the list of files that differ between the two snapshots. Review the list of files. To restore one or more files, select the relevant files or directories by activating the respective check box. Click Restore Selected and confirm the action by clicking Yes. To restore a single file, activate its diff view by clicking its name. Click Restore From First and confirm your choice with Yes. Get a list of YaST and Zypper snapshots by running snapper list -t pre-post. Get a list of changed files for a snapshot pair with snapper status PRE.. To display the diff for a certain file, run snapper diff PRE.. To restore one or more files run snapper -v undochange PRE.. Reverting user additions via undoing changes with Snapper is not recommended. Since certain directories are excluded from snapshots, files belonging to these users will remain in the file system. If a user with the same user ID as a deleted user is created, this user will inherit the files. Apart from the installation and administration snapshots, Snapper creates timeline snapshots. You can use these backup snapshots to restore files that have accidentally been deleted or to restore a previous version of a file. By using Snapper's diff feature you can also find out which modifications have been made at a certain point of time. Being able to restore files is especially interesting for data, which may reside on subvolumes or partitions for which snapshots are not taken by default. Snapshots taken from the root file system defined by Snapper's root configuration , can be used to do a system rollback. The recommended way to do such a rollback is to boot from the snapshot and then perform the rollback. Performing a rollback would also be possible by restoring all files from a root file system snapshot as described below. However, this is not recommended. Choose the Current Configuration from which to choose a snapshot. Select a timeline snapshot from which to restore a file and choose Show Changes. Timeline snapshots are of the type Single with a description value of timeline. Select a file from the text box by clicking the file name. The difference between the snapshot version and the current system is shown. Activate the check box to select the file for restore. Do so for all files you want to restore. Get a list of timeline snapshots for a specific configuration by running the following command:. Use snapper list-configs to display a list. Optionally list the differences between the current file version and the one from the snapshot by running. Together with Snapper's rollback feature, this allows to recover a misconfigured system. Only snapshots created for the default Snapper configuration root are bootable. When booting a snapshot, the parts of the file system included in the snapshot are mounted read-only; all other file systems and parts that are excluded from snapshots are mounted read-write and can be modified. When undoing changes as described in Section 7. Using this method also allows to explicitly exclude selected files from being restored. When doing rollbacks as described in the following, the system is reset to the state at which the snapshot was taken. To do a rollback from a bootable snapshot, the following requirements must be met. When doing a default installation, the system is set up accordingly. The root file system needs to be Btrfs. Booting from LVM volume snapshots is not supported. The root file system needs to be on a single device, a single partition and a single subvolume. Boot the system. In the boot menu choose Bootable snapshots and select the snapshot you want to boot. The list of snapshots is listed by date—the most recent snapshot is listed first. Log in to the system. Carefully check whether everything works as expected. Note that you cannot write to any directory that is part of the snapshot. Data you write to other directories will not get lost, regardless of what you do next. If the system is in a state where you do not want to do a rollback, reboot to boot into the current system state. You can then choose a different snapshot, or start the rescue system. On the boot screen, choose the default boot entry to reboot into the reinstated system. A snapshot of the file system status before the rollback is created. The default subvolume for root will be replaced with a fresh read-write snapshot. For details, see Section 7. It is useful to add a description for the snapshot with the -d option. If snapshots are not disabled during installation, an initial bootable snapshot is created at the end of the initial system installation. You can go back to that state at any time by booting this snapshot. The snapshot can be identified by the description after installation. A bootable snapshot is also created when starting a system upgrade to a service pack or a new major release provided snapshots are not disabled. Before a rollback is performed, a snapshot of the running file system is created. The description references the ID of the snapshot that was restored in the rollback. Snapshots created by rollbacks receive the value number for the Cleanup attribute. The rollback snapshots are therefore automatically deleted when the set number of snapshots is reached. If the snapshot contains important data, extract the data from the snapshot before it is removed. For example, after a fresh installation the following snapshots are available on the system:. After running sudo snapper rollback snapshot 3 is created and contains the state of the system before the rollback was executed. Snapshot 4 is the new default Btrfs subvolume and thus the system after a reboot. To boot from a snapshot, reboot your machine and choose Start Bootloader from a read-only snapshot. A screen listing all bootable snapshots opens. The most recent snapshot is listed first, the oldest last. Activating a snapshot from the boot menu does not reboot the machine immediately, but rather opens the boot loader of the selected snapshot. Each snapshot entry in the boot loader follows a naming scheme which makes it possible to identify it easily:. This field contains a description of the snapshot. In case of a manually created snapshot this is the string created with the option --description or a custom string see Tip: Setting a Custom Description for Boot Loader Snapshot Entries. Long descriptions may be truncated, depending on the size of the boot screen. It is possible to replace the default string in the description field of a snapshot with a custom string. This is for example useful if an automatically created description is not sufficient, or a user-provided description is too long. The description should be no longer than 25 characters—everything that exceeds this size will not be readable on the boot screen. A complete system rollback, restoring the complete system to the identical state as it was in when a snapshot was taken, is not possible. Root file system snapshots do not contain all directories. As a general consequence, data from these directories is not restored, resulting in the following limitations. Re-install the application or the add-on to solve this problem. If a service or an application has established a new data format in between snapshot and current system, the application may not be able to read the affected data files after a rollback. A rollback may result in non-functional code. If a rollback removes users from the system, data that is owned by these users in directories excluded from the snapshot, is not removed. If a user with the same user ID is created, this user will inherit the files. Use a tool like find to locate and remove orphaned files. System users, for example database, system, and network admins who want to track copies of configuration files, documentation, and so on. It is possible to set this up manually see Section 7. By default it creates snapshots at user login and logout, and also creates time-based snapshots as some users remain logged in for extended periods of time. You may change the defaults using the normal Snapper commands and configuration files. By default the script performs a dry run. Now you can create a new user:. Verify that the user's configuration was created by listing your Snapper configurations:. Over time, this output will become populated with a list of snapshots, which the user can manage with the standard Snapper commands. This removes the user, the user's home subvolume, Snapper configuration, and deletes all snapshots. These are the steps for manually setting up users' home directories with Snapper. The way Snapper behaves is defined in a configuration file that is specific for each partition or Btrfs subvolume. The corresponding default configuration is named root. It creates and manages the YaST and Zypper snapshot. As explained in Section 7. The amount depends on the amount of packages installed and the amount of changes made to the volume that is included in snapshots. The snapshot frequency and the number of snapshots that get archived also matter. There is a minimum root file system size that is required to automatically enable snapshots during the installation. Currently this size is approximately 12 GB. This value may change in the future, depending on architecture and the size of the base system. Keep in mind that this value is a minimum size. Consider using more space for the root file system. As a rule of thumb, double the size you would use when not having enabled snapshots. You may create your own configurations for other partitions formatted with Btrfs or existing subvolumes on a Btrfs partition. After a configuration has been created, you can either use snapper itself or the YaST Snapper module to restore files from these snapshots. In YaST you need to select your Current Configuration , while you need to specify your configuration for snapper with the global switch -c for example, snapper -c myconfig list. To create a new Snapper configuration, run snapper create-config :. Mount point of the partition or Btrfs subvolume on which to take snapshots. To use your own set of defaults, create a copy of this file in the same directory and adjust it to your needs. To use it, specify the -t option with the create-config command:. The snapper command offers several subcommands for managing existing configurations. You can list, show, delete and modify them:. Use the subcommand snapper list-configs to get all existing configurations:. For more information about the configuration options, see Section 7. Each configuration contains a list of options that can be modified from the command line. The following list provides details for each option. Granting permissions to use snapshots to regular users. Defines whether pre and post snapshots should be compared in the background after creation. Defines the clean-up algorithm for snapshots pairs with identical pre and post snapshots. Defines the clean-up algorithm for installation and admin snapshots. Adds quota support to the clean-up algorithms. If Snapper is used by regular users see Section 7. If set to yes , hourly snapshots are created. Valid values: yes , no. Defines the clean-up algorithm for timeline snapshots. By default Snapper can only be used by root. However, there are cases in which certain groups or users need to be able to create snapshots or undo changes by reverting to a snapshot:. The corresponding. Note that all steps in this procedure need to be run by root. If a Snapper configuration does not exist yet, create one for the partition or subvolume on which the user should be able to use Snapper. Adjust it according to your needs. Multiple entries need to be separated by Space. You can test it with the list command, for example:. All Snapper operations are carried out for an existing configuration see Section 7. You can only take snapshots of partitions or volumes for which a configuration exists. By default the system configuration root is used. To create or manage snapshots for your own configuration you need to explicitly choose it. Each snapshot consists of the snapshot itself and some metadata. When creating a snapshot you also need to specify the metadata. Modifying a snapshot means changing its metadata—you cannot modify its content. Use snapper list to show existing snapshots and their metadata:. Lists snapshots for the configuration home. To list snapshots for the default configuration root , use snapper -c root list or snapper list. Lists all pre and post snapshot pairs for the default root configuration. Lists all snapshots of the type single for the default root configuration. Type : Snapshot type, see Section 7. This data cannot be changed. Number : Unique number of the snapshot. Pre Number : Specifies the number of the corresponding pre snapshot. For snapshots of type post only. Description : A description of the snapshot. Cleanup-Algorithm : Cleanup-algorithm for the snapshot, see Section 7. Snapper knows three different types of snapshots: pre, post, and single. Physically they do not differ, but Snapper handles them differently. Snapshot of a file system before a modification. Each pre snapshot corresponds to a post snapshot. Snapshot of a file system after a modification. Each post snapshot corresponds to a pre snapshot. Stand-alone snapshot. For example, this is used for the automatic hourly snapshots. This is the default type when creating snapshots. Snapper provides three algorithms to clean up old snapshots. The algorithms are executed in a daily cron job.